Cryptoflorida News

Wednesday, September 29, 2010

"The Weird, Strange and Unexplained in Seminole County"

Seminole County just got weird


By Brittni Johnson

Guest Reporter

     The Museum of Seminole County History is exploring a side of history that doesn't usually get much attention. It involves flying toads, river monsters and skunk apes.
"This is a side of history that we never talk about," said Charlie Carlson, local historian and author of several weird Florida books.

     "The Weird, Strange and Unexplained in Seminole County" exhibit, which is open through November, features strange animals, people and happenings found in Seminole County. They range from the Florida skunk ape to local late magician Harry Wise. About a year ago, the idea came to Paul Zuromski, on the Seminole County Historical Commission, and Kim Nelson, the museum's coordinator.


"In a time of budget cuts, I thought, what can we do to get some interest here?" Zuromski said.

     And so they contacted local weird historians Carlson and Scott Marlowe, who pulled from their own strange collections and expertise to create the exhibit. Nelson said she hopes to spark some interest with the younger crowd.

"The problem with history is that young people don't seem to grab onto it," she said.
But that is what makes this exhibit special — it is history with a twist that will capture any imagination, Nelson said.

"This is really opening their minds to the possibilities," Marlowe said.

     The possibility of ghosts and creatures right in their own backyard is something people can't help but be drawn to. It adds spice to history, which even Nelson admits can get dry.

 "Folklore is part of the fabric of a culture," Carlson said. "It's those things that kind of hold us together. This is our escape."
"It's fun, but still historically accurate," Nelson said.
So let your mind wander, and escape into something a bit different, while learning a little about Seminole County's history.

Here's some of the weird stuff you'll find at the exhibit:

     There's the skunk ape, "Florida's Bigfoot," a creature that looks like a big ape that walks on two legs. It's named and known for its smell, which cryptozoologist Marlowe said is like a skunk and wet dog. While the creature is thought of as a myth, Marlowe said he's seen the ape three times, once in Winter Park.

     Then there's the Longwood Toad Invasion of 1982. One morning that year, residents woke up to find loads of toads had found their way to their neighborhoods. After a few days of dealing with the critters, one day the people woke up and they were mysteriously gone again. Did they fall from the sky?

     Maggie Bell's Spirit Table is another oddity you'll get to see in person. Florida weird expert Carlson loaned the museum the table, which Maggie levitated.

     Carlson also loaned the Red Rocker, a tiny child's rocking chair that sometimes rocks on its own. The chair was his grandmother's, and Carlson grew up seeing the chair move for no reason. It might have been just a draft, but he likes to think there's a ghost rocking the chair.

      One strange happening with a spot at the exhibit is the I-4 Dead Zone, said to be an area on Interstate 4 in Seminole County where there are graves beneath the road. In that spot, people have seen ghost hitchhikers and strange orbs of light, heard unknown voices while they're on their cell phones and clear radio signals change to static. There's also a claim of a high number of accidents and deaths in this stretch.
You will also find a geode from outer space, mastodon teeth, ghosts, graveyards, a river monster and some very strange people. So take some time, "suspend your disbelief," and let yourself be drawn into the tales.



Scott Marlowe, a cryptzoologist with the Pangea Institute, shows one of his many contributions to the exhibit, a reproduction of a Skunk Ape track that was originally found in the Ocala National Forest in 1983.



Charlie Carlson, Florida's "Master of the Weird" stands with his boxer Miss Scarlet next to The Red Rocker and Maggie Bell's Spirit table, just two of the pieces he has contributed to the Museum of Seminole County History for the "Weird, Strange and Unexplained in Seminole County" exhibit.

source

Wednesday, September 22, 2010

Animal Planets' LOST TAPES is Making a Come Back

MYTH WILL MEET REALITY AS ANIMAL PLANET SERIES "LOST TAPES" FEATURES CREATURES SCIENCE REFUSES TO CONFIRM NOR DENY

Released by Animal Planet

    [NOTE: The following article is a press release issued by the aforementioned network and/or company. Any errors, typos, etc. are attributed to the original author. The release is reproduced solely for the dissemination of the enclosed information.]


    Animal Planet Unearths Secret Footage About the Legends You've Heard. Now Find Out If They're Real

      If you've seen it with your own eyes and it's been captured on camera, does it truly exist? The existence of zombies, vampires, poltergeists and yetis have been etched in legend for centuries but have never been proven. These crypto-creatures continue to escape mankind but alleged sightings and brief encounters have encouraged cyrptozoologists, scientists and paranormal investigation teams to investigate and research the possibility that these creatures do exist. Now, Animal Planet has unearthed hours of footage apparently shot by the people who have encountered them.

     This fall, Animal Planet will premiere its third season of the popular cryptozoology series, LOST TAPES, on September 28, at 10 PM (ET/PT) with back-to-back 30-minute premieres. Each of the 10 new episodes of LOST TAPES encounters creatures you wish didn't exist. Every peculiar and unbelievable encounter caught on film will not only make you believe but leave you feeling the hair standing up on the back of your neck.

     LOST TAPES takes an up close look at footage discovered at the sites of suspicious disappearances and gruesome deaths and delves deeply into the mysterious circumstances behind them. Specialists in the field of the paranormal and cryptozoology explain the history and science behind the undiscovered creatures that may be responsible for these unexplainable incidents. Despite criticism from their peers and a lack of physical support for the existence of these creatures, these specialists continue to investigate sightings and evidence in an attempt to prove their existence.

   Paranormal encounters from this season include:

ZOMBIES - The Enigma Corporation, a private security firm specializing in unexplained activity, travels to New Orleans to bring a murderer to justice - one that reportedly died eight years earlier. Once there, they discover that the suspect is living in a house of the undead...and he is not alone.

YETI - Two journalists eager to uncover the story of the century sneak onto a cargo ship rumored to carry the remains of a Himalayan explorer. What they find instead turns into an even bigger and deadlier story - one they may never get to tell.

POLTERGEIST - A team of paranormal investigators attempt to help a family troubled by mysterious occurrences having to do with their son. The team, believing at first that the boy might be gifted with extrasensory powers, soon discovers that it's not the boy at all that is causing these increasingly violent disturbances, but rather something much more powerful and sinister.

     "LOST TAPES has been a white knuckled joy-ride for viewers," said Rick Holzman, senior vice president, programming and scheduling for Animal Planet Media. "Like the best - and worst - of horror movies, the series proves that we all want to believe in the possibility that there are still creature out there and things that go bump in the night"

     Proving their existence has not been an easy task, the creatures featured in each episode are aggressive predators, each with unique abilities allowing them to exist invisibly among us...almost. One of the most elusive traits featured this season is the ability to take on another form known as shape-shifting. Shape-shifting is common in nature but has not proved deadly to humans until now. Other creature traits discovered this season include excessive speed, invisibility and the capability to take over the mind of another organism.

      LOST TAPES is produced for Animal Planet by Go Go Luckey. Gary Auerbach and Doug Segal are the executive producers for Go Go Luckey, and Keith Hoffman is the executive producer for Animal Planet. Marc Etkind is the vice president of development for Animal Planet.

     Animal Planet Media (APM), a multi-media business unit of Discovery Communications, is the world's only entertainment brand that immerses viewers in the full range of life in the animal kingdom with rich, deep content via multiple platforms and offers animal lovers and pet owners access to a centralized online, television and mobile community for immersive, engaging, high-quality entertainment, information and enrichment. APM consists of the Animal Planet television network, available in more than 96 million homes in the US; online assets www.animalplanet.com, the ultimate online destination for all things animal; the 24/7 broadband channel, Animal Planet Beyond; Petfinder.com, the #1 pet-related Web property globally that facilitates pet adoption; and other media platforms including a robust Video-on-Demand (VOD) service; mobile content; and merchandising extensions.

Wednesday, September 15, 2010

The Dreaded Popobawa

One-Eyed Elf Attacks Only Men.



    “Help me,” Dr. Makan Ouzin cried weakly. He was alone in his bed, his wife and grown children late in returning from a village festival. The pummeling was like a torrential rain on his ribs and back, but worst of all was the sense that the last breath was being sucked from his lungs. And there was nothing to grab, nothing to fight, because whatever pinned Dr. Ouzin to the mattress was invisible.
Footsteps in the hallway.

     “Father!” A voice screamed and Dr. Ouzin’s strapping 25-year-old son Baba charged into the room. “It is Popobawa atop you!”

     The dreaded night creature, that’s what was trying to kill him, Dr Ouzin realized. Invisible to those it assaulted. Hideously ugly to those witnessing the carnage. In attacks throughout Zimbabwe, Popobawa had been described as a bizarre, elf-like entity with a single eye in the center of its head, small pointed ears, bat wings and talons.
 
     All of its victims were male and required hospital treatment for broken ribs, bruises and festering wounds where they had been raked by the monster’s talons.

     Baba grabbed a solid ebony stool by its leg and swung it against the Popobawa’s flank. A sickening crunch. The animal howled and bounded out an open window.
When Dr. Ouzin regained consciousness, he was in the same hospital where he usually made his rounds. Like most other men who had survived the Popobawa (Swahili for bat and wing), he reported the incident to the proper authorities. Because, as with each of its victims, Popobawa ordered Dr. Ouzin to reveal what had happened–or it would be back.

     There is no known defense against Popobawa attack, other than by banding together. Fearful villagers often sleep outside, locked arm-in-arm to prevent one of their number from being dragged away. It is estimated that there are about 125 living Popobawa and its range is expanding to include urban areas.


Doc Paranormal

Thursday, September 9, 2010

Beast Legend...on SYFY

HMmmmmmmmmmmmmm.......let's see, mythological legend and they are looking for a weapon to fight it....remains to seen if this will pan out. Watch for yourself and let me know what you think.

Monster rattlesnake has people talking - CHARLESTON, SC NEWS - LIVE 5 WCSC Breaking News, Weather, Sports

Monster rattlesnake has people talking - CHARLESTON, SC NEWS - LIVE 5 WCSC Breaking News, Weather, Sports

Archaeologists dig up 200-year-old skeleton of London's Moby Dick - This Britain, UK - The Independent

Archaeologists dig up 200-year-old skeleton of London's Moby Dick - This Britain, UK - The Independent

Carolinians seeing weird objects in the sky

For decades, folks all over the world have aimed their cameras, both still and video, toward the sky in hopes of catching images of a UFO for everyone to see. In some cases, they were remarkably successful.

     In 1965, Rex Heflin’s pictures of a hat-shaped object hovering in the sky over Santa Ana, Calif. have been regarded as some of the most famous ever taken of a UFO.

     Then, there are the four glowing objects in the sky that were captured on film one night in 1952 over Salem, Mass. And in May 1950, Paul Trent of Oregon took one of the best-known photos of what was then called a flying saucer. In short, thousands and thousands of purported UFO photographs and videos have been produced over the years. A few of them are considered to be authentic while many others are outright fakes.

     Now, a man in Simpsonville, S.C. claims to have caught the image of a UFO on his video camera. Jawad Ashey was sitting on the front porch of his home with his girlfriend at approximately 10:30 p.m. Sunday. All of a sudden, a blue light appeared in the night sky.

     Ashey said it started out small and then got bigger, according to a story by WSPA-TV of Spartanburg, S.C. “Just here on the porch, chilling out, and there it was!” he said in the TV story. “I don’t think it was anything of this world, I really don’t.” Ashey said that what he saw was not an airplane or some other manmade aircraft. He’s convinced it is a UFO. Ashey’s video shows the blue light in the sky for about three minutes. “I went from ‘Oh wow, I’m excited,’” he said, “to ‘Oh wow, I’m kinda weirded out,’ to ‘Oh wow, I’m a little scared!’” WSPA Meteorologist Dan Bickford said there was “nothing unusual,” such as a meteor shower, going on in the skies at the time of Ashey’s sighting. Ed Richards, who enjoys astronomy, said both Venus and Jupiter are visible in the night sky now, but this object does not match those heavenly bodies.
“I was a skeptic, but now I’m a believer,” said Ashey to WSPA. “I’m definitely coming back out tonight to see if it shows up again.” To see the video Ashey recorded, visit this link: http//www2.wspa.com/news/2010/sep/06/6/simpsonville-man-believes-he-caught-ufo-on-camera-ar-795868/

***

     While a blue light has been seen over Simpsonville, S.C., some folks in Highlands are reporting orange orbs in the sky over their homes. The website skyshipsovercashiers.com contains an eyewitness testimony about some weird lights seen near Highlands, which is west of Cashiers.

     “On the evening of June 18, 2010 at approximately 9:30 p.m., I and five friends were sitting on the deck of a home on Panther Mountain outside Highlands, NC and observed six to eight bright orange orbs blinking on and off in the trees adjacent to the property,” read the testimony.

     The weird orange lights were larger than softballs, perhaps up to 8 inches in diameter. The bright color orange was very clear. “This was observed by myself and two others in our party and lasted for about 15 minutes,” read the testimony. “We all experienced feelings of euphoria and elation. Our intuition was that we were being acknowledged by loving and benevolent light beings.” These “light beings” apparently enjoy giving folks in western North Carolina and upstate South Carolina something interesting to talk about. So if you watch the skies carefully, they just might appear.

Contact Mike Conley at 652-3313, ext. 3422 or e-mail nconley@mcdowellnews.com.

Film Company Seeking Ideas For Movie Creature

The creative juices of the Smith Mountain Lake area may soon start flowing to reel in a prop for a local film project.

     Life Out Loud Films LLC is proposing a contest to select a fake lake monster that will have a role in a movie planned for Smith Mountain Lake this fall.

     The monster — to be called “Smithy” — would be built exclusively for “Lake Effects,” a dramatic comedy set for filming at the lake in October.

     The winner would receive a package that includes feature extra roles in the film, a limousine ride to and from the set, lunch with the cast and crew and the chance to be cast as Smithy.

     All contest entries must be submitted no later than 3 p.m. on Sept. 19 at the Penhook boat dock at 1300 Jefferson Dock Road in Franklin County. The public is welcome to attend the event and view the entries.

     For more information about the movie and contest guidelines, visit

www.lifeoutloudfilms.com.

Just What is The Latta Creature?

Latta, OK.

September 8, 2010

Latta critter sighted again

Justin Lofton Staff Writer Ada Evening News

Ada Evening News Wed Sep 08, 2010, 12:40 PM CDT

     Latta — Another resident has spotted Latta’s strange creature near the community. Miranda Wood said her grandson saw the creature on the road about a month ago while driving his scooter home one evening. “He said, ‘I stopped and looked at it because it was so weird. I honked my horn and it took off running,’” she said.

     Several ideas of what the creature could be have been circulating. Ada area residents have speculated it could be anything from a muskrat to a spider monkey. May Brown, a Stratford resident, said she saw a similar animal years ago called a Jaguarandi. “The thing that I saw didn’t have tall back legs,” she said. “It looked like a house-cat on the head. It had a real fuzzy tail, a long body and short legs. It’s a weird looking animal. I went down to the ranger station and talked to a girl down there and she said they are in this area.”

     Another Ada resident said the mysterious creature’s description sounded like an Italian greyhound. “They walk hunched over. They have the long tail, pointy ears and they do kind of look like a rat,” she said.

     Any other Latta residents who spot a similar creature can call (580) 310-7524 to report it to the Ada Evening News.

Saturday, September 4, 2010

Normandy Nessie---ALL HYPE

       It would seem as though Normandy Nessie is blessing the Internet circuit once again. This water monster mystery has been solved over a year ago, but some like Ron "I WILL SELL YOU AN AUTOGRAPH" Strickler keep wanting to drive patrons to their blogs by keeping this story....floating.......no pun intended. After researching this subject, it was discovered that Normandy Nessie is nothing more than an often mis-identified, everyday...........family of Manatee's. Yes.....Manatee's.


    These gentle giants have been the blame for many monster sightings in Florida and even the butt of a "Monster Quest" episode. When traveling in groups they can span over 40 feet in length. This makes appear as a much larger single animal. They do this to ward off sharks in the wild. After interviewing the neighbors where the sightings took place, all were in agreement that there was NO NORMANDY NESSIE. They even admitted to seeing the Manatee's on the or around the same time that all the newspapers reported the sightings. SO....in closing....once again......this one is and has been debunked............sorry guys and gals. I guess it's time to go back to searching for Skunk Apes!!!




Thursday, September 2, 2010

Big black cat creature spotted prowling near Gloucester



     THREE people have reported spotting a big black cat type creature near Gloucester. The report was made on the website - Big Cats in Britain which records and investigates sightings of suspected big cats in the UK.


     In the latest report on the site three people say they saw a large cat liike creature at Hasfield, between Ashleworth and Tirley on August 28.


     They describe it as being black with rounded ears and a thick tail approximately 30cms in length. They also say it was slightly smaller than a German Shepherd dog.

 

     The report said: "Firstly I was inside and spotted the cat out in the middle of the field by an old tree where a lot of rabbits tend to live.

"Having watched it from inside through the binoculars for about 45mins I then went outside to get slightly closer.

"The big cat was aware I was there but was in no way bothered at all (it had a good old stare at me!).

"The big cat moved around the tree several times with one successful catch and then made it's way along the hedgerow and up into the woodland surrounding the field."

 


Seeking the Puerto Rican Chupacabra

By Benjamin Radford



  

     The chupacabra hasn’t reared its ugly head in Albuquerque lately. In fact, it’s been almost exactly three years since the last local sighting on the Westside. But many believe the creatures are out there, sucking the blood from goats (chupacabra means “goatsucker” in Spanish) and other livestock. Descriptions of the chupacabra vary widely, but the typical version is a creature 4 to 5 feet tall. It has short, powerful legs, long claws, and terrifying black or glowing red eyes. Some claim it has spikes down its back; others report seeing stubby, bat-like wings.


    The chupacabra was first seen in 1995, and believers say it is the result of secret U.S. government experiments in the jungles of Puerto Rico. It had a heyday of about five years when it was widely reported in Latin America, Florida and elsewhere. Reports have dropped dramatically, except for occasional sightings of animals in Texas resembling hairless dogs or coyotes that have been proven to be nothing but that.  


     I have spent much of the past five years investigating the chupacabra, including an expedition into the jungles of Nicaragua and trips to Texas for the “MonsterQuest” TV show. By 2009, my research had unearthed central facts about the chupacabra, save perhaps the most important: its origin. Why was the goatsucker first sighted in 1995 and not before? Animals simply do not appear out of thin air.


     To get answers about where the chupacabra came from, I visited its birthplace, Puerto Rico. I began by interviewing the woman who first sighted the monster, and whose eyewitness description was the basis for the most famous drawing of it in the world.


     A woman named Madelyne Tolentino said she saw the beast through a picture window outside her house in Canóvanas, Puerto Rico, during the second week of August 1995. In a 1996 interview, Tolentino said the bipedal animal had dark gray or black eyes that “were damp and protruding, running up to its temples and spreading to the sides,” like typical alien eyes. Its height was “about 4 feet, more or less. At the time, it was walking like a human, on both legs. Its arms were drawn back in an attack position, as though it were a TV monster.” She said it had three long, skinny fingers and that its arms were also very long. Its hair “was rather short, and close to its body. Rather well-combed in fact.”


     It had some round things on its torso, and the region seemed ashen, as if something had burned it there. The burn mark revealed pinkish-purple skin, as if the top layer had fallen off.” The creature’s legs, Tolentino said, “were very long and skinny, and I could see three separate toes.” She said they were similar to goose feet, and that it had something like webbing between its toes.


     Tolentino’s curiosity about the chupacabra extended to its genitals: “I even got down on the floor to see if it had genitals. It had nothing at all. It was plain and sealed." She also noted a row of distinctive spikes on its back.


     The creature turned away, ran into the road, and leaped off into tall grass in a neighboring vacant lot.


      Despite being such a significant eyewitness, Tolentino dropped from sight and had only been interviewed once or twice since 1995—never by a professional investigator. With help from a friend, I tracked her down and met her at a busy Borders bookstore outside the capital, San Juan. I had never been able to find a photograph of her and wondered what she looked like. Was she a wacko UFO nut wearing the standard-issue tinfoil hat? Was she a wild-eyed young woman who saw monsters behind every tree?


     Tolentino is neither; instead I found an intelligent and sober petite woman in her 40s with an easy smile and quick laugh. She was cautious at first. All she knew about me was that I was a writer from New Mexico who had come to Puerto Rico specifically to see her, so she showed up with her ex-husband at her side.


“At the time, it was walking like a human, on both legs. Its arms were drawn back in an attack position, as though it were a TV monster.”

Madelyne Tolentino


     But she soon warmed up to me as I interviewed her in Spanglish, and Tolentino recounted her story.


     The basics remained the same. She said the creature she saw was about 3 feet tall, not the 4 to 5 earlier reported. She also said its skin looked like she expected an alien’s might. “I have an interest in UFOs and aliens, but I never said it was either an extraterrestrial or an animal. I don’t know what it was. I’ve never changed my story,” she told me. “Most people have believed me. People trust me and know I’m telling the truth.” I showed her a drawing I made based upon her original description, and she endorsed it as the most accurate depiction to date.


     She then kindly drove the four of us to the site where she had been the first person in history to see the chupacabra. We zoomed through the verdant Puerto Rican countryside, heading east toward her hometown of Canóvanas. We chatted and joked as she drove, and after about 20 minutes we pulled onto a side road and parked in front of a house where her mother still lives. It was a rural residential area, and I almost felt there should be a little monument or plaque commemorating the spot: Birthplace of el Chupacabra.


      Tolentino reenacted her sighting, which she said occurred at about 1 p.m. that day in 1995. She had been sleeping when her mother woke her up, excited and alarmed about something odd she saw near the house. Tolentino said the sighting lasted from three to five minutes, and though it happened near a fairly busy road, during that time no other cars appeared.


      In the 15 years since her sighting, a few things had changed. A wall had since been built between her house and the road, and a house stood in the once-vacant lot across the street that had tall plants through which the chupacabra disappeared. But, otherwise, the scene was more or less the same. Having studied her account many times at length, it was fascinating to visit the actual location.


      I did more investigating while on the island, spending hours in libraries searching through newspaper accounts from 1995 and visiting the Caribbean National Forest (better known as El Yunque), where the chupacabra is said to have emerged.

   

      Speaking to the original chupacabra eyewitness didn’t dramatically alter my information, nor did it change the course of my investigation (for example, she didn’t admit to me that it was all a hoax—not that I think it was).


      But mysteries are rarely solved all at once. Pieces of the puzzle come together in increments; a fact established here, a claim disproved there. I had picked up the last few pieces that I’d need to finally solve the mystery.

 


 



 


 


Mass Extinction Threat: Earth on Verge of Huge Reset Button?

Jeremy Hsu


LiveScience Senior Writer

LiveScience.com jeremy Hsu

livescience Senior Writer



     livescience.com – Thu Sep 2, 2:30 pm ET Mass extinctions have served as huge reset buttons that dramaticallychanged the diversity of species found in oceans all over the world, accordingto a comprehensive study of fossil records. The findings suggest humans willlive in a very different future if they drive animals to extinction, becausethe loss of each species can alter entire ecosystems.


     Some scientists have speculated that effects of humans -from hunting to climate change - are fueling another great massextinction. A few go so far as to say we are entering a new geologic epoch,leaving the 10,000-year-old Holocene Epoch behind and entering the AnthropoceneEpoch, marked by major changes to global temperatures and ocean chemistry,increased sediment erosion, and changes in biology that range from alteredflowering times to shifts in migration patterns of birds and mammals andpotential die-offs of tiny organisms that support the entire marine food chain.


     Scientists had once thought species diversity could help buffer a group of animals from such die-offs, either keeping them from heading toward extinction or helping them to bounce back. But having many diverse species also proved no guarantee offuture success for any one group of animals, given that mass extinctions moreor less wiped the slate clean, according to studies such as the latest one.


Then and now


     Looking back in time, the diversity of large taxonomicgroups (which include lots of species), such as snails or corals, mostly hoveredaround a certain equilibrium point that represented a diversity limit ofspecies' numbers. But that diversity limit also appears to have changedspontaneously throughout Earth's history about every 200 million years.


     How today's extinction crisis - species today goextinct at a rate that may range from 10 to 100 times the so-called backgroundextinction rate - may change the face of the planet and itsspecies goes beyond what humans can predict, the researchers say.

"The main implication is that we're really rolling thedice," said John Alroy, a paleobiologist at Macquarie University inSydney, Australia. "We don't know which groups will suffer the most, which groupswill rebound the most quickly, or which ones will end up with higher or lowerlong-term equilibrium diversity levels."

What seems certain is that the fateof each animal group will differ greatly, Alroy said.

His analysis, detailed in the Sept. 3 issue of the journal Science,is based on almost 100,000 fossil collections in the Paleobiology Database (PaleoDB).


     The findings revealed various examples of diversity shifts,including one that took place in a group of ocean bottom-dwelling bivalves calledbrachiopods, which are similar to clams and oysters. They dominated thePaleozoic era from 540 million to 250 million years ago, and branched out intonew species during two huge adaptive spurts of growth in diversity - each timefollowed by a big crash.


     The brachiopods then reached a low, but steady, equilibriumover the past 250 million years in which there wasn't a surge or a crash inspecies' numbers, and still live on today as a rare group of marine animals.


Counting creaturesbetter


     In the past, researchers have typically counted species inthe fossil record by randomly drawing a set number of samples from each timeperiod - a method that can leave out less common species. In fact two studiesusing the PaleoDB used this approach.


     Instead, Alroy used a new approach called shareholdersampling, in which he tracked how frequently certain groups appeared in thefossil record, and then counted enough samples until he hit a target numberrepresentative of the proportion for each group.

"In some sense the older methods are a little like theAmerican voting system - the first-past-the-post-winner method basically makesminority views invisible," said Charles Marshall, a paleontologist at the University of California, Berkeley, who didnot take part in the study. "However, with proportional systems,minority views still get seats in parliament."


     Marshall added thatthe study was the "most thorough quantitative analysis to dateusing globalmarine data." But he added that researchers will probably debatewhether the PaleoDB data represents a complete-enough picture of the fossilrecord.


Nothing lasts forever


    The idea that rules of diversity change should not come as asurprise for most researchers, according to Marshall.

"To me,the really interesting possibility is that some groups might not yet be closeenough to their caps to have those caps be manifest yet," Marshall toldLiveScience. Or "evolutionary innovation" might happen so quicklythat new groups emerged to increase overall diversity, even if each sub-groupreached a cap on diversity.


    If anything, the record of pastextinctions has shown the difficulty of predicting which groups win out inthe long run. "Surviving is one thing and recovering is another,"said Marshall, who wrote a Perspectives piece about the study in the same issue of Science.


    One of the few consistent patterns is that growth spurts indiversity can apparently happen at any time, according to Alroy. He added thatthe background extinction of individual species has also remained consistent - theaverage species lasts just a few million years


     Of course, the ongoing extinction crisis of modern timesgoes far beyond the background extinction rate. Alroy noted that it could notonly wipe out entire branches of evolutionary history, but may also changethe ecosystems shaped by each species.


    That means today's species matter for environments aroundthe world, and so humans can't simply expect replacements from the diversespecies of the future.

"If we lose all the reef builders, we may not get backthe physical reefs for millions of years no matter how fast we get back all thespecies diversity in a simple sense," Alroy said.